Ключевые слова: apex locator, background, canal, care, caries, cavity, clamp, clean, clinic, cofferdam, composite, cure, decay, dental, dental canals, dental roots, dentist, dentistry, doctor, endodontics, equipment, file, filling, health, healthy, hygiene, implant, isolated, latex, medical, medicine, mouth, needle, occupation, oral, pain, patient, prevention, pulpits, root, rubber, scaling, sodium hypochlorite, surgery, tools, tooth, toothache, treatment, ultrasound,